Area Operational Plan
for Marine Mammal
Incidents
Guidelines
2.k Guidelines for Attending Marine Mammal Strandings - DOCDM-776969 Last printed 07/04/2020 10:17:00
link to page 4 link to page 6 link to page 7 link to page 8 link to page 8 link to page 8 link to page 12 link to page 12 link to page 12 link to page 12 link to page 19 link to page 19 link to page 20 link to page 20 link to page 20 link to page 20 link to page 22 link to page 22 link to page 24 link to page 24 link to page 24 link to page 24 link to page 28 link to page 28 link to page 29 link to page 29 link to page 34 link to page 34 link to page 34 link to page 34 link to page 34 link to page 34 link to page 34 link to page 34 link to page 35 link to page 35 link to page 35 link to page 35 link to page 36 link to page 36 link to page 36 link to page 36
Contents
I.
Purpose
4
II.
Process
6
III. About this document
7
1.
Initial Response
8
2.
Response - Whales/Tohora and Dolphins/Aihe
8
2.1
Live incidents - decision making
8
2.2 Preventing a mass stranding
12
2.3 Whale/dolphin stranding response
12
2.4 Large whales
19
2.5 Orca
20
2.6 Entangled whales and dolphins
20
2.7 Dead whale/dolphin
22
3.
Response - Seals/kekeno
24
3.1
Live seal
24
3.2 Dead seal
28
4.
Euthanasia
29
5.
Other Species [non-mammals]
34
6.
Data Collection and Sampling
34
6.1
Data collection
34
6.2 National Stranding Sample Request Register 2011
34
6.3 Sexing animals
35
6.4 Photographic documentation
35
6.5 Measuring animals
36
6.6 Genetic Sampling
36
2.k Guidelines for Attending Marine Mammal Strandings - DOCDM-776969 Last printed 07/04/2020 10:17:00
link to page 37 link to page 37 link to page 38 link to page 38 link to page 39 link to page 39 link to page 42 link to page 42 link to page 42 link to page 42 link to page 42 link to page 42 link to page 43 link to page 43 link to page 44 link to page 44 link to page 44 link to page 44 link to page 46 link to page 46 link to page 46 link to page 46 link to page 46 link to page 46 link to page 50 link to page 50 link to page 51 link to page 51 link to page 54 link to page 54
6.7 Additional sampling
37
6.8 Saving documents to docCM
38
7.
Freighting
39
8.
Disposal
42
8.1
Protective Clothing Suggestions
42
8.2 Options for disposal
42
8.3 Use of machinery to move dead whales
43
8.4 Cleaning equipment
44
9.
Debrief
44
10. Appendices
46
10.1 Forms
46
10.2 Species Identification Tools
46
10.3 Contacts lists
50
10.4 Equipment lists
51
10.5 Marine mammal stranding media information
54
To update the table of contents, click anywhere in the table text, and press F9.
2.k Guidelines for Attending Marine Mammal Strandings - DOCDM-776969 Last printed 07/04/2020 10:17:00
link to page 8
I. Purpose
The purpose of these Operational Procedures is to provide consistent and high quality
response both on and off site to marine mammal incidents.
These procedures are to be used by all Department of Conservation staff that may be
involved in responding to a marine mammal incident. This is t o be used as a field guide
and tools to step through the response of a range of incident types. All Conservation
services and partnerships staff are required to be familiar with these procedures.
This document provides the template for key contacts and equipment lists, as well as
initial response, response and wrap-up for all marine mammal incidents from
dead/beachcast animals, to live animals in distress.
The objective of this document is to provide staff with all the tools needed to respond to
an incident when in the field. This template document should be updated with local
contacts and procedures (eg, iwi and media protocols as mentioned in the
Marine
Mammal Incident Readiness and Response SOP docdm-1171061), copies printed off, and
kept in easily accessible places.
This SOP contains information on the following:
Guidelines for Attending Marine
Other Documents / links
Mammal Strandings
Initial Response
• Information gathering
Initial Response Form
docdm-870561
• Assess scene/safety
• Assess animals
Notification
• Notify mandatory contacts
Staff training and capability register
docdm-831790
• Consult contacts needed to implement
response
DOC National Contacts docdm-997393
External Contacts for Stranding
Protocols docdm-824399
Decision Making
• Prepare and plan
Decision Making for Live incidents
Response
• Develop a Coordinated Incident
CIMS forms:
docdm-788833
Don't forget to change footer, save document to appropriate file & change any permissions needed.
4
Last printed 07/04/2020 10:17:00
Type document's name/docDM number here
link to page 12 link to page 19 link to page 20 link to page 20 link to page 20 link to page 22 link to page 24 link to page 28 link to page 34 link to page 34 link to page 29 link to page 41 link to page 43
Management Structure (CIMS)
Whale/dolphin stranding response
• Follow response according to incident type
Large whales stranding response
and decision
Orca stranding response
Entangled whales and dolphins
response
Dead whale/dolphin response
Live seal response
Dead seal response
Other Species [non-mammals]
response
Data collection
• Fill in appropriate form
Whale and Dolphin Incident Form
docdm-870555
• Photos and measurements collected
Seal and Sea lion Form
docdm-870560
• Genetics sample collected
Sighting Form
docdm-870477
• Any other samples needed (including
marine mammal parts OR their parasites)
Mass stranding Measurements Form
docdm-1007957
Sample and Permit Register 2011
docdm-855696
Instructions for genetics samples
docdm-892499
Wrap-up
• Euthanasia (if required)
Euthanasia
• Disposal or Freight of carcass
Sample Consignment Form
•
Use of machinery to move dead whales
Clean-up
•
Instructions for submitting forms on
Submit forms
DOCCM
• Debrief
Example Debrief from a whale
stranding in Golden Bay
docdm-914291
Don't forget to change footer, save document to appropriate file & change any permissions needed.
5
Last printed 07/04/2020 10:17:00
Type document's name/docDM number here
II. Process
The diagram below describes how to respond to a marine mammal emergency. This
document is to be used by all Department of Conservation staff who may be required to
respond to stranded or distressed marine wildlife, other than during an oil spill.
Don't forget to change footer, save document to appropriate file & change any permissions needed.
6
Last printed 07/04/2020 10:17:00
Type document's name/docDM number here
The table below describes some of the new responsibilities and accountabilities f or the roles involved
in this process.
Role
Responsibilities
Accountabilities
Operations Manager
Assess complexity of response Ensure appropriate level of
Direct staff member to carry
response and manage process
out response, or
to its completion.
Activate Marine Mammal
Ensure SOPs followed
Response plan
Advise KKA & Marine Species
Manager
Manage external engagement
Pou Tairangahau
Manage all engagement with
whänau, hapü and local iwi.
Provide advice in accordance
with cultural and tikanga
values in response to the plan
e.g. what samples can be
taken
Marine Species Team
Provide advice during
response
III. About this document
Owner
DDG, Operations
Approved for use
DDG Operations
Signed
Date
Amendments
Amendment Amendment
DOCDM version
Amended by
date
details
Don't forget to change footer, save document to appropriate file & change any permissions needed.
7
Last printed 07/04/2020 10:17:00
Type document's name/docDM number here
link to page 11
1. Initial Response
On the receipt of a report the local DOC office needs to manage a process to confirm the
report. This will help to inform a decision on whether a response is needed, and if so to
enable the response to be enacted efficiently. The initial contact should collect as much
information as possible and fill in the
INITIAL RESPONSE FORM. You may also wish to
keep a "whale log", similar to a fire log, for these incidents.
Please note in addition to all the key items of information we require, it is very important
to get an accurate estimate of length, as this will indicate what equipment and/ or
machinery will be required.
2. Response - Whales/Tohora and
Dolphins/Aihe
2 . 1 L i v e i n c i d e n t s - d e c i s i o n m a k i n g
In the event of a whale stranding, a decision on the most appropriate response must be
made as soon as possible. The Department’s maximum response target time is six hours.
Every attempt should be made to attend, the exception being when it is so remote as to be
unrealistic.
If the response decision is not to respond then this and the reasons why should be noted
for file in the Initial Response Form. The person reporting the stranding should be fully
informed as to what action will be taken as a result of their report.
Response Checklist
The basic response for any live stranding should follow a s imple 6 step process.
1.
Scene/Safety – what are sea and site conditions, is it safe to proceed?
2.
Animals – Check animal species/size, number, and condition, begin
stabilisation/first aid.
3.
Call – make contact with all the appropriate people.
4.
Prepare and Plan – Decide on response (see criteria for response below and
decision table and matrix) and set up CIMS structure as appropriate. Note -
CIMS may not be needed in all cases.
link to page 34 link to page 11 link to page 23
5.
Response – Carry out response according to the appropriate sections of this
plan. This will include Media and communications plan if needed.
6.
Data – collect any data/samples required. Regardless of the chosen response,
fully document the incident. Photograph the animal and collect measurements as
per the
Cetacean incident form, and photograph any unusual markings etc.
7.
Wrap-up – clean up, disposal, paperwork, debrief. See the next section of the
Operational Plan for detail on all of the elements of the
Wrap-up.
Criteria for response
A number of factors should be considered when deciding on the appropri ate response. It
is important to note that they do not all carry the same weight in a decision. The two
most important considerations are always:
• Human Safety, and
• Animal Welfare
The other factors include;
• Environmental Conditions
• Resources Available
• Site Access
• Iwi support
• Public Perception
• Estimated Cost (*if estimated cost likely to be large discuss this with Technical
Advisor Marine Species in advance)
• Priority species (e.g. Bryde's, Hector's, Māui dolphins, etc.)
The possible options for response:
1. Monitor situation/ Palliative care
2. Rescue
3. Complex rescue – e.g. relocating to a different site
4. Euthanize
See
Decision Table to assist in making this decision.
If the decision is to monitor the situation – do so until a further decision is made to
rescue, euthanize, or the animal dies naturally. In the latter cases, proceed with the
response as for a
beachcast cetacean.
If the decision is to rescue follow more detailed instructions in the Rescue Response.
link to page 29 link to page 23
If the decision is to euthanize see detail in section
Euthanasia, and then proceed as for a
beachcast cetacean.
Animal assessment
A number of characteristics about whales and dolphins make them susceptible to injury
or illness when they become stranded. These include body size, presence of a blubber
layer, skin pigmentation and the absence of sweat glands. In the event of a stranding
several factors may be life threatening even in the absence of any pre -existing
pathological state that may have caused the animal(s) to strand. For more information on
the physiological effects of strandings on cetaceans please see
Geraci 2005.
To monitor animals and assess their suitability for rescue consider the following:
• Breathing rate history and trends
• Signs of respiratory compromise such as laboured breathing
• Changes in: heart rate, temperature, physical responses, jaw tone
(slackening), and
gum colour (pale colour)
• Injuries
• Blistering or sloughing of the skin
• Emaciation
• Dependent animals (socially dependant and
calves), solitary males, or aged animals
Important: If you are dealing with a solitary mother-calf pair, i.e. not at a mass
stranding, dependent calves will not survive without their mother. If the cow is dead or
has to be euthanised, the calf should also be euthanised if it is less than 50% of adult size.
If the cow is not lactating, and the calf and companion animal are healthy then only the
cow should be euthanised. In addition, solitary males or old animals may have health
problems that contributed to their stranding and are not good candidates for refloating.
Baleen whales average 48% maximum length (range 41-56%) at weaning. To survive
without its mother a juvenile baleen whale must have fully developed baleen.
Toothed Whales are harder to determine average length at weaning because in many
species the calves remain with their mothers and suckle intermittently for several years.
Generally toothed whale calves are dependent on their mothers for at least a year and the
presence of a
papillated tongue will confirm a calf’s dependence. Consequently, juvenile
toothed whales should be 50 -60% maximum length if they are to be refloated without an
attendant adult.
General first aid, palliative care
• right all whales by digging a shallow trench parallel to the belly, an d rolling the animal
into it. Make sure the flippers are held flat against the body when rolling to prevent
injury. Never lift or pull whales by their flippers, or dorsal fins.
• cover whale with wet sheets to prevent blistering (keep the blowhole and eyes clear of
sheets, water and sand, but ensure the blowhole is ke pt moist);
• keep whale cool by maintaining a steady flow of water over the flukes and flippers;
• dig a shallow moat around the flippers and tail to help keep the whales cool (not too
deep as this will make subsequent shifting of whales difficult).
Decision Table
Use this table to determine the possible actions taken depending on the condition of the
animals, the site conditions, and the type of stranding.
Animal
Site
condition*
conditions
Stranding type
Possible Action:
Single animal or
Release at site possible
mass stranding
Conditions
favourable
Assess the tides for possibility of
and site
natural floatation
suitable
Large animal
>6m
If natural floatation not possible
consider euthanasia, palliative
care or leave as is
Consider a delayed response or
an alternative location
Single animal or
mass stranding
If conditions do not improve
consider euthanasia, palliative
care or leave as is
Conditions
Good
unfavourable
Consider a delayed response
Assess the tides for possibility of
Large animal
natural floatation
>6m
If natural floatation not possible
consider euthanasia, palliative
care or leave as is
Consider transporting animal to
Single animal or
alternative site
If transportation not possible
mass stranding
consider euthanasia or palliative
Site
care
unsuitable
Large animal
Euthanasia, palliative care or
>6m
leave as is
All stranding
Consider euthanasia, palliative
Poor
Any condition types
care or leave as is
*Note: animals in poor condition include vagrant species and maternally or socially dependent
animals
2 . 2 P r e v e n t i n g a m a s s s t r a n d i n g
Prevention is a far better option than dealing with beached animals. It is worth your
effort to attempt anything that might avert a mass stranding. Suggestions include:
If a pod is observed milling about close to shore, stranding may be about to occur. Send
an experienced observer to identify the whales (from the air if necessary). At the same
time dispatch three officers by vehicle to the scene. They will need – wetsuits, surf boat,
radios, binoculars, camera/video. You may additionally want some objects to strike
underwater to generate noise, if needed above the noise of the boat.
If the whales are sperm whales, pilot whales or false killer whale s every effort should be
made to prevent them stranding. If sea conditions permit, line people up in the surf and
make a noise by banging metal objects together or better still, by running power boats
noisily between the whales and the shore and herding the animals back to sea. If a whale
has already stranded, and it is obviously injured or ill, it should be euthanised
immediately to prevent the rest of the pod stranding. If it is a pilot whale or false killer
whale and not obviously ill or injured make t wo or three attempts to refloat it. If this fails
and there is a risk of the rest of the pod stranding, it should be euthanised immediately.
Once grounded a sperm whale has little chance of survival.
If possible, the first stranded animal should be euthanised to prevent the rest of the pod
stranding, with the exception of sperm whales (which are too big to euthanise except with
the purpose built Sperm whale euthanasia device SWED), pilot whales, false killer
whales, orca or bottlenose dolphins (as these ar e species that are prone to strand by
accident rather than through sickness and are capable of being refloated). Craig Bamber
should be contacted immediately when sperm whales are noted milling around close to
shore.
Animals can survive for many hours out of water with the proper care. However animals
that are suffering from severe skin blistering may be candidates for irreversible organ
damage. Individual animal assessments need to be made to determine whether the
individual is a candidate for refloating. Therefore serious consideration should be given
to the decision to refloat when you know animals have been out of the water for a
sustained period of time.
2 . 3 W h a l e / d o l p h i n s t r a n d i n g r e s p o n s e
The key steps in the response of any whale or dolphin strandin g are the same, however,
for a mass stranding due to the number of animals, it becomes more complex, requiring
more people to be mobilised. Therefore key steps may take place in a different order to
ensure an adequate response arrives quickly.
link to page 50 link to page 11
The staff member that forms the initial point of contact notifies key st aff and initiates a
CIMS structure.
1. Designate an Incident Controller – refer to your
OFFICE CONTACTS LIST. The
Incident controller then notifies all others needed and takes responsibility for
co-ordinating all subsequent operations. The Incident Controller also designates
other CIMs roles to appropriate staff (see the CIMS section of the
Response and
Readiness SOP).
2. Initiate a reconnaissance or intelligence gathering team to assess site and
resource needs. These officers shall:
• assess the situation and advise the Stranding Incident Controller
• evaluate the site for hazards; interview eye witnesses; determine number, size, s pecies
and condition of stranded animals.
• assess whether a rescue attempt should be instigated. See
Decision Table and Matrix.
3. Managing Office begins a stranding log (see
CIMS forms), and establishes
communications with crews responding to the stranding and Region.
4. Managing office sends two officers with Initial Response Equipment to:
• secure the site and establish a Staging Area (onsite support base)
• if a rescue is to be attempted, a start should be made on stabilising and triaging
animals and the response structure be implemented.
• if the stranded animals are larger than 6m a rescue operation or even euthanasia could
be difficult. See Large Whales section and contact the Marine Species team to discuss
response options.
5. Regional office may contact the Civil Aviation Authority and establish a
restricted fly zone over the stranding site if necessary (See
Response and
Readiness SOP), Police, and regional or local authorities if needed.
6. Organise an aerial sweep of the adjacent coastline and offshore area to locate any
other groups of whales should be conducted as soon as possible.
7. Managing Office assembles additional staff and sends them to the stranding site
with any additional or extra equipment that may be required.
8. Managing Office organises remaining staff to prepare the following equipment
and transport it to the stranding site:
• Food and basic kitchen equipment
• Extra drinking water and drink containers
• Dry bags
• First Aid kits
• High visibility vests
• Mini repeater
• Radio and mobile phone batteries and chargers
• Generator and lights
• Fuel for 4WD bikes, boats, fire pumps and generator
• Boats: inflatable or rigid pontoon boats
• Shelter from elements
9. If it is not possible to mount a rescue operation due to the location, sea
conditions, type or condition of the animals all surviving whales ma y need to be
euthanised. If this course of action is chosen ensure clear communication with
the public as to why the decision is being taken. Ask for Police assistance to clear
the beach of spectators for health and safety purposes.
10. If it is not possible to mount a rescue immediately due to time of day, tides etc.
consider monitoring the situation and delaying the rescue.
11. A media response should be initiated as per your Office's Media Plan. If at all
possible alert the Minister of Conservation. Strandings present a good
opportunity for a statement from the Minister, es pecially if the stranding occurs
close to their home town.
Rescue Response
STAGE ONE RESCUE: HOLDING
Aim: To prevent more animals dying, reduce stress and increase the animals’ chances of
survival once returned to the sea, by helping the whales to regain equilibrium.
Method:
• Cover the whales with wet sheets and begin bucketing water onto them. Concentrate
on the flipper and fluke area as most heat is lost from these areas. Do not cover the
blow hole but ensure it is kept moist. It is important to prote ct the blowhole from
being swamped as the tide comes in.
• Right all whales by digging a shallow trench parallel to the belly, and rolling the
animal into it. Ensure that the flippers are held flat against the body when rolling to
avoid injury. When rolling whales upright ensure sheets do not become trapped under
whales as these can be very difficult to remove. This task requires 4-6 people per
whale.
• Dig a shallow moat around the flippers and tail to help keep the whales cool. This
should not be too deep as this will make shifting the whales difficult.
• Ideally two people are assigned to each whale to keep them comfortable and reduce
stress until they can be moved by the incoming tide.
• Set up fire pumps if required.
Note: If the use of channels is an option for re-floating the live animals (see Stage Two
Rescue – Moving), digging should begin as early as possible during STAGE ONE of the
rescue operation.
• Assess the condition of all whales and mark according to the guidelines below.
Note: It can be very difficult to ascertain death in cetaceans as they are capable of
holding their breath for very long periods and tend to go into ‘diving reflex’ when
stranded. Sometimes you can see the heartbeat visible just in front of the pectoral fin, or
it can be found with a stethoscope.
The simplest way to establish whether a whale is dead is to very gently touch
the edge of the eye ball, if no response is noted the whale is most likely dead.
Based on the condition assessment place all animals into one of the following categories
with coloured tape:
• Green: Healthy live animals, good to be released.
• Yellow: Suspected lead animals of the pod. This will help to identify key animals in the
event of their re-stranding and assist with prioritising the order of rescue.
• Blue: Minor incapacity, e.g. minor injury, could be released but requires some
monitoring/treatment.
• White: Major incapacity, e.g. severe injury, euthanasia required.
• Red: Dead animals. Dead whales can be moved if they are congesting the operational
area – ideally use machinery.
• Mark ALL dead whales with a number, so samples can be later linked to individuals if
necessary. A brief site map, showing approximate location of each whale (with a note
of its number, for dead whales) can be useful to track samples foll owing the event, and
to provide insight into stranding pattern.
Biodegradable tape in a variety of colours can be purchased from
‘ Geosystems’.
Note: marking animals in a permanent or semi-permanent way prior to release has
potential benefits; however, there is no technique that can be currently recommended for
use. DOC hopes to investigate the use of T-bar (floy) tags or other temporary marking for
identification of whales post release. Floy tags are small and easy to apply and allow
some tracking of the success of rescue attempts. If successful this will be added to the
potential equipment required.
STAGE TWO RESCUE: MOVING
Aim:
To move whales to deeper water, to bring scattered animals together, and to
shift whales to a safe release area.
Method:
Unless trucking animals, this stage of the operation begins normally when the water is
about knee deep around the whales. If predicted tide levels are relatively small, consider
using earth moving equipment to dig a channel from the whales toward low tide.
Moving whales to deeper water
• In some circumstances you can try moving whales to deeper water once they are
securely placed in tarpaulins or slings as described below. This is easier if water is
already knee-deep, and whales have some buoyancy.
• If the effort is timed to coincide with waves, the whales will become more buoyant and
be easier to move. In addition, with large whales in a reducing tide, it can be helpful to
rock the whales, as alternate positions may require less water depth to get them
floating.
• Be aware that moving a whale over rough or rocky substrate without buoyancy will
cause injury. This should be avoided.
• Make sure that all people are aware of the danger from the tail, and that they work
along side and to the front of the animal to avoid being hit.
Tarpaulin
• Roll up half of the tarpaulin and place it parallel to the whale.
• Roll the whale onto its side while making sure that the flippers are held flat against its
body to prevent injury, and push the tarpaulin as far under the whale as possible.
• Roll the whale onto its opposite and unroll the tarpaulin.
• With 4-6 people holding the tarpaulin, shift the whale into the water.
Slings
• Place slings under the head of the whale. Use the sam e technique as that used for the
tarpaulin or, if the whale is buoyant and there is adequate space between the whale
and the sand, two people can work the sling along the body with a seesaw action to the
place required.
• Use a minimum of four slings on a large pilot whale.
• When moving the whale take care that the sling does not cut into the flipper.
Pontoon
• Pontoons should only be used by staff trained in their use.
Lifting frames
• Some Offices may have access to lifting frames , as developed by William Macrae in
Kaitaia.
• More information and documentation on these will be made available.
Translocation (complex rescue)
• If planning to relocate whales to another site you should be aware of the Animal
Welfare Code for Transportation:
http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz.
• Consider:
• the amount of equipment available
• the amount of time available
• sea and weather conditions at the proposed release site
• the risks to humans and whales
• costs
If trucking, use earth moving equipment and either lifting mats, lifting frame, or the mats
from the pontoon kit to lift whales onto trucks. Ensure:
• the pontoon mats overlap each other by at least half along the length of the whale
• strong poles are attached to the edges of the mats, parallel to the whale’s body
• the whale is lifted from the four corner points
• the whale is transported on suitable padding (wet foam mattresses are ideal)
• whales are kept cool and wet during transport
Another option is specially designed trailers that are long enough for pilot whales and
have a tilting mechanism so that animals can be released straight back into the sea with
minimal lifting. The Department does not currently have any of these trailers, but if you
are in an area where these would be useful and a complex refloat is common, then
consideration could be given to developing some.
N.B. Ensure all personnel assisting during lifting are either DOC staff or experienced
volunteers and that adequate safety equipment is provided, e.g. helmets etc. Nominate
one person to be in charge. That person is to co-ordinate closely with the heavy
equipment operators.
Helicopter
• This method is only useful for dolphins and small wha les up to about 3 m in length.
Ensure a heavy plank (200 mm x 50 mm) is placed between the mattress and the sling
to protect the animal’s backbone. You must carefully consider the added stresses to
the animals before using this technique. Please also consider the cost of such an
operation.
STAGE THREE RESCUE: REORIENTATION
Aim: To prepare the whales for release and decrease the chances of re -stranding.
Method:
• Once in waist deep water begin rocking the whales from side to side. Work in groups
of at least two people per whale. As the whales become stronger and you are nearly
ready to release you can rock forward and backwards and the roc king can become
more vigorous.
• Bring all the whales together into one group. This may mean bringing whales that
have been re-floated near low tide mark closer to shore where they can still b e
controlled. It is important that you make people understand this.
• Reorientation time will vary depending on the condition of the whales, but can
regularly take at least an hour. The better orientated the whales are at release the less
likely they are to re-strand (try to keep the whales together until the last whale has
had at least 30 minutes reorientation time).
• To test if an animal is ready for release after reorientation a free swim trial in an
enclosed area provides a good test. However, this is often not feasible, so other criteria
to consider include:
• Ability to surface to breath unassisted
• Ability to orientate and stay upright in the water
• Ability to self-right if rolled onto side
STAGE FOUR RESCUE: RELEASE
Aim: To release all of the whales in one group.
Method:
• Release the whales in water deep enough for them to swim but still shallow enough to
allow people to walk (for pilot whales this is about waist deep). Place rescu e crew with
waterproof radios in position, and then move the whales to them. The whales are then
held until the instruction to release them is received by the rescue crew from the
Operations Manager.
• If using pontooned whales as a stimulus to get free swi mming whales back to sea, the
pontooned whales should be located 150 - 200 m offshore facing the animals being re-
floated.
• Once the whales are well offshore, then you can a llow the pod to sort itself out. Once
the pod has properly reformed it will usually makes its own way and is less likely to
restrand.
MONITORING AND PREVENTING RESTRANDING
• To prevent re-strandings get volunteers to form a line between the whales and the
shore. A wall of people striking metal objects together or slapping the surface of t he
water can help to deter the whales from re-stranding. Care should be taken and
volunteers fully briefed on the dangers as whales can often be very determined to
return to shore.
• Preventing any re-strandings during the first twelve hours following an in itial
stranding appears to be a critical factor in reaching a successful rescue attempt.
During this period the whales’ behaviour can best be described as “groggy” and
disorientated. They can move relatively slowly, stopping frequently to apparently
reaffirm bonds within the pod. At other times they will split into small groups and
move quickly in all directions – including back toward the beach.
• There is still a lot to learn about directing whales to safety once they have been re -
floated. Included here are some guidelines that may assist you in this situation. The
key points to note are:
1. Only use good boat operators.
2. Ensure good communication and co-operation between ALL the boats present.
3. Be flexible. No one technique will work all the time. Be prepared to think
laterally and try something new. You may have to be forceful to s top re-
strandings.
4. Work the boats at a distance from the whales preferably, however,
5. You may need to be very forceful with boat use to change the direction that the
whales are travelling. Southland staff have needed to work boats within 1-2
metres of pilot whales to drive them away from re-stranding when they tried to
re-beach. Herd the whales to a 'collection point' 1-2 km offshore where they can
settle and reform their group.
6. Once offshore follow the whales for as long as possible to monitor rehabilitati on.
7. Note that some whales may still continue to restrand, euthanasia of some
individuals may need to be considered for the survival of the rest of the pod.
Options with multiple boats
• Bubble Nets: Work the boats in a line (approx. 150 – 200m apart) between the whales
and shore, starting the first boat slightly ahead (but toward shore) of the pod. Get the
boats to complete several tight circles one on top of the last. This forms a co ne of air
bubbles down into the water. By forming a series of these cones of air bubbles in a line
you can create a “bubble net” which whales will sometimes avoid. As the whales
approach the boat closest to them it moves off and comes in at the other end of the
“net”.
• Nets: Large nets if available can be strung between two boa ts creating a physical
barrier to them coming back to shore or can help to herd the whales out to sea.
• Noise: Banging metal against the side of an aluminium boat will sometimes chang e the
direction of whales. Lifting the propeller, cavitating it or revvi ng the motor in neutral
are good techniques for producing noise also. Remember to always try to work at a
distance from the pod.
2 . 4 L a r g e w h a l e s
Currently the Department of Conservation does not attempt to refloat large whales
(>6m), mainly due to the difficulties in refloating such large animals. In the past the
main large species to strand has been sperm whales. In the event of these strandings the
options have been either leaving nature to take its course or euthanasia. The Sperm
Whale Euthanasia Device SWED is used for euthanasia of sperm whales; however, its
applicability to other species has not been trialled.
In the New Zealand Whale and Dolphin Stranding Database (NZW&DSD) there have not
been many records of live strandings of large baleen whales so our experience with
euthanasia of these animals is minimal. With recovering populations of humpbacks and
Southern right whales this is something that we will need to address. We have some
options to trial for euthanasia of large whales . Euthanasia is a sensitive issue and can be
dangerous if not carried out by appropriately trained staff. For these reasons, only those
personnel trained in large whale euthanasia will be able to carry th is out.
It is important that when a large whale strands live or dead, w e assess the potential for
trialling methods so we are better prepared in the future. For any whale stranding >6m
contact the Marine Species team for advice.
2 . 5 O r c a
If dealing with a live Orca/killer whale stranding, there are a few key differences to be
aware of due to their very different body shape:
• If the animal(s) are found on their side, right them as soon as possible. Ensure that a
hole is dug for each pectoral fin. These are large, and naturally hang at a 45° angle , so
the hole should be deep enough for this posture to be maintained.
• When keeping the animals cool, do NOT cover the dorsal fin with a sheet as the weight
of the wet sheet can cause permanent distortion of the dorsal fin. If the fin is small a
pillowcase or a similar small, lightweight item can be used.
• If using rescue equipment ENSURE that the pectoral fins are NOT places inside
lifting-mats, slings, frames or pontoon systems. They will dislocate or bre ak. To
ensure pectoral fins are not damaged, two mats can be used, one for the thorax and
tail stock, the other for the head. These mats are placed in such a manner that the
pectoral fin lies between the mats. Care must be taken when using this method.
• Orca are highly social animals and other individuals may be waiting offshore. Monitor
these animals, but they do not need to be actively deterred from the area. They will
frequently come into shallow water while waiting the rescue of a stranded individual.
If possible, photograph the other individuals for identification.
2 . 6 E n t a n g l e d w h a l e s a n d d o l p h i n s
It is important to note that the removal of entanglements from whales is a very dangerous
task and should only be undertaken by staff who have had the appropriat e training,
equipment, and resources. The Department has two trained disentanglement teams, one
on the South Island and one on the North Island. For contact details see the contacts
lists. A CIMS structure must be in place for an entanglement response. Fo r more detail
on how a response works see
Coughran 2010.
The following text gives a brief outline of the principle and questions to be asked when
deciding whether or not to undertake a rescue.
Remember that the first priority is human safety, followed by animal welfare. At no
time should anybody enter the water.
In determining whether a rescue should proceed be sure to answer the following
questions:
1. Is the entanglement immediately life-threatening to the whale?
2. Is the entanglement life-threatening to the whale over time?
3. How dangerous is the disentanglement for the team and the whale? E.g. what are
the sea conditions, how complex is the entanglement (number and location of
wraps).
4. What species of whale (conservation status)? E.g. humpback, southern right
whale, Hector's dolphin, etc.
5. Is there enough time left in the day to safely mount a rescue effort?
6. Are weather and sea conditions suitable for a rescue effort? What is the weather
forecast for the next 24 hours?
7. What resources are available (how remote is the site)?
The possible responses are; immediate disentanglement; no immediate disentanglement
but tag and monitor; or monitor. In both of the last two circumstances a disentanglement
may later be mounted if conditions are suitable.
The operational strategy is known as "Kegging". It describes the process of attaching a
series of trail lines to the entanglement. These lines, along with a series of large floating
buoys slow the whale down and accelerate fatigue. This allows the entanglement team to
try to safely and effectively remove the entanglement. Each scenario may be treated
slightly differently depending on the species, conditions and nature of the entanglement.
Not every attempt is successful.
Response
If there is an entanglement in your area:
1. Fill in an
INITIAL INCIDENT REPORT
2. Gather details to answer the questions listed above
3. Contact the Disentanglement team: see contacts lists
4. Notify the Marine Species team
5. If advised and the appropriately trained staff, equipment and resources
available, mount a rescue
6. Debrief
link to page 39
2 . 7 D e a d w h a l e / d o l p h i n
Response
Health and safety issues are extremely important when handling cetaceans - remember
to check your health and safety plan appended to this document.
1. Fill in
INITIAL RESPONSE FORM
2. Plan the response:
a. Notify Hannah Hendriks in the Marine Species team, Wellington
b. Identify the species - depending on the species and carcass condition
there may be special instructions.
c. See also
SAMPLE REQUEST REGISTER 2011 to determine if there are
any special instructions or additional people to contact . If still unsure,
contact the Marine Species Team in Wellington.
d. Consult with whänau, hapü and iwi - Before collection of samples, or
removal of the carcass for burial or transportation, all practical steps
should be taken to ensure your local protocols (appended to this plan)
with whänau, hapü, and iwi have been followed.
3. Secure the carcass
a. If necessary, cordon off the area to public with barrier tape.
b. If the carcass is below the high tide line, you should consider moving it
up the shore to reduce the chances of it being washed back out to sea on
the rising tide.
c. If this is not possible, you may want to try securing it to a long stake
driven firmly into the ground.
d. For dead sperm whales you may need to post a guard to ensure the jaw is
not removed illegally.
4. Special instructions, if the species is:
a.
Hector's or Māui dolphin - These are priority species and the
Department has a contract with Massey University for the necropsy of
Hector's and Māui dolphins. Contact the Marine Species team to
determine if the carcass is fresh enough to send to Massey (Code 3
carcasses to be assessed on a case by case basis, see Table 4 in
Freighting).
b.
Sperm whale - you may need to post a watch for this species. The jaw
bone is highly prized as is fresh ambergris. While a permit is not required
for having naturally found ambergris, it is illegal to obtain it by cutting it
out of a sperm whale. For information on how to remove a sperm whale
jaw bone see
Sperm whale jaw removal and preparation - Hans Rook
April 1992.
c.
Large baleen whale - contact the Marine Species team, it may be an
option for training on euthanasia of large whales, or in the case of a
Bryde's or possible ship strike incident, a post mortem will need to be
carried out.
5. For all species - Collect photographs, morphometric measurements and tissue
sample for genetics, as per the
WHALE AND DOLPHIN INCIDENT FORM.
6. If the incident is a suspected law enforcement issue such as fishing bycatch or
other human-related death - ensure you contact the Marine Species team straight
away. If fishing related, also contact your local fisheries compliance officers.
Make sure you completely photograph the animal in situ, as well as the scene and
collect any potential additional information as evidence.
Checklist
•
INITIAL RESPONSE FORM filled in?
• Appropriate contacts notified?
• Iwi consultation undertaken for sample collection and disposal?
• Measurements taken?
• Photographs taken?
• DNA sample collected and sent to Auckland University *?
• Other samples or whole animal collected and sent where necessary?
• Remains disposed of or allocated as per your areas iwi protocols and disposal
protocols?
•
WHALE AND DOLPHIN INCIDENT FORM completed, filed and along with photos
saved to DOCCM?
• If submitting to Massey University, completed
Wildlife Submission Form?
* Address for sample: Rochelle Constantine, Thomas Building, School of Biological Sciences,
University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010
3. Response - Seals/kekeno
3 . 1 L i v e s e a l
The Department's response for seals and sea lions is minimum intervention, with the aim
in scenarios with live animals, to minimise intervention and minimise hazards .
Please note: The only considered exception to the aforementioned is possible in-situ
management of female New Zealand sea lions. Please contact Laura Boren at National
Office (VPN 8062, DDI 04 471 3062) to discuss.
Your office may have particular requirements relating to seal and sea lion responses in
your Community Relations Plans, in particular for sea lions. Include these requirements
as an appendix to this plan.
Community engagement with live seal incidents is particularly important to educate the
public about the two species, the differences in behaviour, and how best to avoid negative
interactions.
What to do if you are bitten
Clean the wound. If you carry Tetracycline spray, spray this on the wound. If it is a pup,
just keep an eye on the wound for infection. If it is an adult, se e your doctor for a course
of antibiotics (preferably from the tetracycline family). Make sure you report the
incident, and near misses, in Risk Manager.
Response
1. Fill in
INITIAL RESPONSE FORM
2. Confirm species ID:
3. Confirm incident type;
a. Healthy animal or only minor wound
b. At risk, in public place, or threatening property
c. Public in possession
d. Seriously wounded, emaciated, diseased
e. Entangled
f. Oiled
g. Tagged/Branded
4. Follow instructions from Table 1 based on species and incident type
5. Notify Marine Species team.
6. Fill in appropriate documentation and save to DOCDM
Table 1: Action for live seals dependent on incident type
Incident
Possible Action:
Type
1
Healthy /
• Leave seal alone
minor injury
• If other than a NZ fur seal fully document sighting
including photographs
• Fill in
SEAL/SEA LION INCIDENT FORM and
save to DOCCM along with photos. Send link to
Marine Species team.
• If several calls eg, in high public place treat as #3
2
Tagged /
• Take photographs of tag
Branded
• Record colour, shape, number, how many tags and
location
• Fill in
SEAL/SEA LION INCIDENT FORM and
save to DOCCM along with photos. Send link to
Marine Species team
• See
Seal and Sea lion tag register information
3
At risk /
• Leave seal alone
public place /
• Put up
SIGN saying date/time seal was checked
threatening
safety /
• Consider relocating seal to a safe environment, for
inappropriate
advice on herding, capture, safe transport contact
location
Marine Species team, Kaikoura Field Centre staff,
and/or NZWHC
• For ice seals (leopard, crabeater, weddel,
ross) we do not recommend attempting to
relocate individuals. For the latter three
species, animals in NZ are likely to be in
bad shape which makes any kind of
handling extremely stressful. Leopard seals
are particularly dangerous and don't
respond well to anaesthesia. In these
situations, you might need to make extra
arrangements to monitor or keep the seal
safe and key messages about decision
making will be important.
• Dogs pose a threat to young seals - if dogs
present request owners to put on lead and
keep away from seals. If the matter
becomes more serious contact your local
dog control officer for assistance. Under
the Dog Control Act 1996, any warranted
officer (any person who is for the time
link to page 29
being a warranted officer within the
meaning of the
Conservation Act 1987) has
the power to seize or destroy dogs;
however, this would only be a last resort.
Be familiar with provisions of the Dog
Control Act 1996.
• If transporting live animals be aware of the:
Animal Welfare (Transport within New Zealand)
Code of Welfare 2011
• If a large seal you may need to consider cordoning
off the animal to keep the public away rather than
relocating the animal
• Fill in
SEAL/SEA LION INCIDENT FORM and
save to DOCCM along with any photos. Send link
to Marine Species team
4
Public in
• Make arrangements to collect the animal
possession
• Explain that DOC does not condone this as it is
(most likely a
illegal under the MMPA 1978 and the health and
pup or
safety risks involved to humans and the seal
juvenile)
• Relocate the animal to somewhere safe (as per #3)
• If large animal additional help may be required
including possible anaesthesia
• Fill in
SEAL/SEA LION INCIDENT FORM and
save to DOCCM along with any photos. Send link
to Marine Species team
5
Seriously
• If animal is clearly suffering / moribund consider
wounded /
euthanasia (see section on
Euthanasia)
emaciated /
• If unsure seek advice from Technical Advisor
diseased
Marine Species and/or NZWHC
• If diseased and euthanized contact NZWHC
regarding sample collection
• Fill in
SEAL/SEA LION INCIDENT FORM and
save to DOCCM along with any photos. Send link
to Marine Species team
6
Entangled
• Capture and remove material, an appendix
providing more detail will be made available in the
Toolbox (TBA).
• Collect photos and sample of the entangling
material. Note that some fishing vessels mark
bycaught seals with twine or cable ties on the jaw.
• Seek advice from the Marine Species team, and/or
Kaikoura Field Centre Staff
• If a NZ sea lion advise Marine Species team.
• Anaesthesia may be required if large animal
• Fill in
SEAL/SEA LION INCIDENT FORM and
save to docCM along with any photos. Send link to
Marine Species team
7
Oiled
• See
Massey Oiled Wildlife Response Document for
more detail, but in general:
• Capture only if severely oiled (>1/3 of body) and is
debilitated, e.g. excessive grooming, staggering,
abnormally lethargic, vomiting etc. These animals
would then be taken into the wildlife response
facility for cleaning.
• It is important to note that as capture and
transport of seals is highly stressful and there are
risks in keeping them in captivity even
temporarily. A lot of seal work at an oil spill is
community engagement, going to check on reports
of oiled seals, assessing the situation, and
education on when it is necessary to capture a seal,
versus monitoring them in situ.
• Important - DOC does not have autonomy in an oil
spill and works in support of Maritime New
Zealand and Massey University Oiled Wildlife
Response Unit.
• Fill in
SEAL/SEA LION INCIDENT FORM and
save to DOCCM along with any photos. Send link
to Marine Species team
8
Reports of
• Follow up on the report and gather as much
malicious
information as possible.
behaviour
• Assess the scene. Collect photos, and document as
much as possible.
• Contact the police if needed, and notify Marine
Species team.
Checklist
•
INITIAL RESPONSE FORM filled in?
• Appropriate contacts notified?
• Photographs taken?
• Appropriate action taken IF required?
• Iwi consultation undertaken in the event of euthanasia and sample collect ion?
• In the event of euthanasia remains disposed of appropriately?
•
SEAL/SEA LION INCIDENT FORM completed, filed and along with photos saved to
docCM?
3 . 2 D e a d s e a l
Response
Health and safety issues are extremely important when handling seals remember to
check your health and safety plan appended to this document.
1. Fill in
INITIAL RESPONSE FORM.
2. Confirm species ID - you may need to request a photo from the caller or else
sight the animal to confirm species ID.
3. Follow instructions from Table 2 based on species and incident type
4. Notify the Marine Species team.
5. Fill in appropriate documentation and save to docCM
Table 2: Action for dead seals dependent on incident type
Incident Type
Action
Unusual event - ANY
•
All scenarios - Photograph, measure and complete the
SEAL/SEA
species
LION DATA SHEET and save to DOCCM along with photos. Notify
Marine Species team
•
Tagged - collect tags and return to DOC A&RU Wellington.
•
Branded - record brand number on form and photograph.
•
Sea lion and evidence of tags ripped out - contact Marine Species
team to locate a PIT tag reader.
•
Diseased - If there are signs of disease contact Massey University
Palmerston North (NZWHC). Signs of disease may include skin
lesions, unusual swelling, discharge from the nose and ey es.
•
Human-related injuries - photograph and investigate as
possible offence. Contact DOC A&RU Wellington or NZWHC.
Not unusual event -
• Photograph and measure
NOT NZ fur seal
• Complete the
SEAL/SEA LION DATA SHEET and save to DOCCM
along with photos
• Notify the Marine Species team
Not unusual event - NZ
• Leave or dispose of if needed
fur seal
Checklist
• Initial Response form filled in?
• Appropriate contacts notified?
• Measurements taken?
• Photographs taken?
• Iwi consultation undertaken for sample collection and disposal?
• Other data, tags and/ or samples collected and sent ?
• Remains disposed of or allocated as per iwi, and research protocols or your office's
disposal protocols?
•
SEAL/SEA LION DATA SHEET completed, filed and along with images saved to
DOCCM?
• If submitting to Massey University, fill out a
Wildlife Submission Form
4. Euthanasia
Issues
Euthanasia is a difficult decision but must be made purely for the welfare of the animal
involved. The only person who can make that decision is a warranted marine mammals
officer or a person authorised by the Minister. Generally you would en sure within your
CIMS structure that your Incident Controller or Operations Manager has this abilit y.
Depending on the sensitivity of the particular incident, the person making the decision
may chose to seek advice from a higher level , e.g. Director Conservation Services.
Information provided in this manual has been vetted by experts, so the decision ma ker
can trust that s/he will be fully supported by the Department in the decision made, if
based on this procedure.
Considerations prior to the euthanasia of any marine mammal:
The considerations outlined below provide some guidelines that may assist with the
decision as to whether euthanasia is appropriate or not given different scenarios. Please
note the considerations below are intended only as guidelines, and each stranding
incident (and indeed each individual involved in a mass stranding incident) presents a
different scenario and the decision to euthanase can only effectively be made on a case by
case basis at the discretion of attending staff.
Veterinary Considerations – factors that may lead you to consider euthanasia:
• dependant calf with or without its mother.
• coastal species (unlikely to strand, therefore stranding often has a health related
cause). If species unidentified – treat as oceanic).
• obviously thin or emaciated (unlikely to survive even if successfully refloated).
• deep penetrating injuries into red muscle layer, thoracic or abdominal cavities (note
that superficial injuries to skin and blubber can look quite serious due to extensive
haemorrhage, but do not preclude rescue attempt, an example is a bite from a cookie
cutter shark, common and not life threatening).
• excessive skin sloughing and/or heavy burden of ectoparasites.
• protracted rapid breathing (normal breathing rate for dolphins 2 -5 breaths per
minute, over 10 breaths per minute indicates severe stress or physiological
abnormality – respiratory rate in whales varies vastly, the normal respiratory rate for
pilot whales is 8 – 18 breaths per 5 minutes).
• absence of reflex from the anus, genital opening, blow hole or tongue.
• sustained muscle tremors/lateral or ventral flexion.
• bright red blood from blowhole/mouth/anus not associated with superficial trauma.
• significant mucus discharge from blowhole.
Logistical considerations – factors that may lead you to consider leaving the animal to
die of natural causes:
• danger to personnel; many factors may mean that euthanasia is impractical for safety
reasons, these could include unfavourable weather or sea conditions, mobile animal in
dangerous location etc.
• inappropriate equipment for the task (see methods below).
• euthanasia likely to cause significant antagonism between DOC and
public/bystanders/iwi.
Response
Euthanasia of whales should always be carried out by, or under the instruction of,
experienced personnel, refer to your contacts list.
Before euthanasia is attempted, a number of aspects MUST be satisfied.
• Counselling of bystanders: This is very important especially if people present have
been assisting in the care for the stranded animals. Police or fire service can assist
with this.
• Public relations addressed: Invest time in explaining why the decision was made. The
reason for euthanasia is always for the animal’s welfare.
• Public safety has been ensured: this may involve crowd control. Involve the Police
especially if the stranding has drawn a lot of public bystanders.
• Appropriate equipment and trained staff available: It is very important to ensure that
trained and experienced people are available for this procedure and that they have th e
right equipment and support. Experience pertains not just to firearms, but also an
understanding of marine mammal anatomy and having had experience with post-
mortems or boning out of marine mammals. If not, it is more humane to do nothing.
• Safety measures for staff in place: Ranging from ear muff s to ensuring crowd control.
Methods
As euthanasia is such an emotive issue it is important to remember the option of a
natural death. Whales have been stranding for thousands of years and where euthanasia
is not possible for practical reasons then it is entirely okay to let nature take its course.
In some cases it may be more humane to let nature take its course. Palliative care to
relieve suffering can be administered if time and resources allow.
1. Shooting
Shooting is the preferred method of euthanasing stranded seals, whales and dolphins.
The Police should always be informed before discharging a firearm in, or close to a built-
up area. The appropriate rifle calibre and ammunition are as follows:
(a)
Seals – .22 standard rifle for small seals; or .222 or .223 rifle for larger seals.
(b)
Small whales or dolphins up to 2 m - any high powered rifle and standard sporting
rounds, e.g. .260; .270, .303, .308
(c)
Dolphins or whales 2.0 – 6.0 m – high powered hunting rifle with soft nosed
ammunition; e.g. .303, .30-06
(d)
Baleen whales 6.0 m and above and Sperm whales –
Only people trained
specifically for large whale euthanasia can undertake this. See the
DOC National
Contacts for advice on who to contact.
Due to recent live strandings of large whales and the inconsistency in results of
euthanasia with firearms it is no longer recommended to use firearms for whales over 6m
in length. This is now being recognised by the IWC. Options for euthanasia of these
animals include the SWED, and implosion detailed below.
The Department is currently looking to increasing the number of staff trained to use the
SWED to minimise reliance on one persons availability. We are also exploring the
potential to employ the peri-cranial method specifically for the case of large humpbacks,
and potentially Southern right whales should they strand live. Note both of these
methods require trained experts. As these methods are worked through, this section of
the protocols for marine mammal strandings will be updated accordingly.
Target area:
The preferred target area is the rear of the brain. Location of the target area is done by
finding the point one/third of the way between the eye and the origin of the pectoral
flipper, or a hand span behind the blowhole. As noted, this may be accessed by a shot
fired dorso-ventrally (from above or below) and angled backwards to ensure bullet
retention.
Consider your firing zone and watch for ricochet when dealing with the smaller animals,
especially around rocks.
NOTE: If you have any uncertainty about hitting the target with one shot, then you
should consider firing three carefully placed shots in a line through the target area. If
you are doing this with onlookers present then it is vital that you explain BEFOREHAND
this is standard practice to ensure a humane death – this way bystanders will not think
an error has been made.
For a series of draft diagrams from different sources to aid in determining target area for
different species, see
DOCDM-1125208.
2. Peri-Cranial Implosion
This technique has been used in the USA, Western Australia and South Africa and has
recently been recognised as a consistently more humane method for euthanizing larger
whales. It has primarily been used and refined on humpback whales, but also has been
successfully employed on Southern Right Whales. For details on the implosion method
see:
Coughran 2012, and
Moore 2010.
If there is a local mine in your area with a licensed ‘shot firer’ con sider setting up a
contingency plan with the mine to carry out this method. If you would like to explore this
option, contact the Technical Advisor Marine Species and Jim Campbell.
There have been very few cases of baleen whales over 6m in length live s tranding in New
Zealand. However, given recent stranding records both in New Zealand and Australia
there may be an increase in these incidents, giving rise to the need to be better prepared.
In order to develop improved protocols we need to take advantage of training
opportunities. Should
any large baleen whale strand, live or dead, contact the Marine
Species team to discuss potential options.
3. Sperm whale euthanasia
Their size, unusual skull anatomy, and the thickness and toughness of their blubber make
sperm whales extremely difficult to euthanase. The Sperm Whale Euthanasia Device
(SWED) is a specialised firearm developed by Craig Bamber (Belmont Ammunition) and
Norm Marsh (Previously Wanganui Conservancy) specifically to euthanase sperm whales.
In addition to its calibre the SWED uses ammunition specifically designed for this
purpose. Currently Craig Bamber stores and operates the SWED. All costs (such as travel
and accommodation) associated with Craig attending sperm whale strandings need to be
absorbed as an operating cost. This is an expensive exercise and we would prefer to use
this in situations such as mass strandings.
There are additionally some staff around the country who are also trained to use the
SWED in the event that Craig is not available, however, you will need to coordinate
access to the SWED and travel for an operator. Think carefully before committing to
requesting the SWED. If you are going to request the SWED contact Craig Bamber to plan
and discuss transport arrangements. We pay full cost recovery for him so before
finalising discuss with your Ops Manager.
Signs of death
The following when taken together provide a good indication that a euthanised animal is
dead:
(a)
complete dilation of the pupils;
(b)
onset of unprovoked agonal convulsions (violent uncoordinated thrashing);
(c)
absence of palpebral (closure of eyelid when corner of eyelid touched) and corneal
(closure of eyelid if eye touched) reflexes;
(d)
slack lower jaw;
(e) in the case of pilot whales you can also see, near the pectoral fin, lack of a
heartbeat.
Note that as many indicators as possible should be used t o judge time to death, decisions
on presence or absence of a single feature should be avoided.
Recording information for IWC report
Information on euthanasia is compiled annually for a report to the IWC. To make this
process easier the required information is now included in the Whale and dolphin
incident report form. Please ensure if you euthanase a whale that the method used,
number of shots, and time to death are recorded appropriately in this form.
link to page 46
5. Other Species [non-mammals]
This section is in the process of being updated. In the event of a turtle or sea snake (live
or dead), contact a member of the Marine Species team for advice. For turtles in
particular, also contact Dan Godoy (Massey University). For sea snakes see the external
contacts lists, as various museums may be interested in specimens. A data collection form
is currently in progress.
For reptile sightings or incidents, use the
Amphibian and Reptile Distribution Scheme
(ARDS) cards. Fill in the form and submit to National Office Marine Species as well as
[email address].
6. Data Collection and Sampling
6 . 1 D a t a c o l l e c t i o n
Each incident type should have its own documentation including an initial response
form, a relevant incident data collection form (see forms in
Appendices), associated
images and possibly a map. In some instances there may be additional documentation
that you wish to include or extra samples to collect, including;
• Any external parasites (collect and label),
• Indications of unusual disease,
• Indications of vessel strike trauma, especially with large baleen wha les found dead
near areas of regular shipping,
• Indications of entanglement or entangling debris present (photograph and collect),
• It can also be useful to record the weather and sea state conditions leading up to the
stranding, and also the lunar phase.
If you cannot positively identify the animal to species tick the appropriate “Animal Type”
box on the stranding report, and write “unidentified” beside “Species Identification”.
Collect as much information as possible in measurements and photographs as this will
help with the identification process. Identifying juvenile or female beaked whales to
species is VERY difficult and it will be necessary to recover the skull, jaws and teeth.
6 . 2 N a t i o n a l S t r a n d i n g S a m p l e R e q u e s t
R e g i s t e r 2 0 1 1
This register has been updated and is designed to clearly outline what samples are
requested by whom, whether they hold a current permit for the request, and sample
collection instructions.
link to page 39
If you are approached by a researcher with a request that they receive samples from
stranding events please forward them a copy of t he application form that they will need
to complete
(SAMPLE REQUEST FORM) for inclusion on the national stranding sample
register.
Check the
Sample Request Register 2011 for advice on the sample needs of Te Papa and
other institutions and for details on who to contact in each instance, if unsure, contact a
member of the Marine Species team. Once you know what needs to be collected, use the
associated sample collection instructions saved to the
Sample Request Register 2011. For
information on
Freighting instructions see the later section.
6 . 3 S e x i n g a n i m a l s
Female genital and anal apertures are much closer together, compared with males, and
form one continuous slit. They are also flanked by small mammary slits on each side
(some males also have mammary slits – but in males they are redundant).
6 . 4 P h o t o g r a p h i c d o c u m e n t a t i o n
A photographic or video record should be made of all stranding events. In particular the
following photographs should be taken:
• side view of the entire animal
• detail of any entangling marine debris (prior to removal)
• the head (in particular for Southern right whales)
• the jaw, including teeth or baleen
• the dorsal fin and saddle patch (in particular for orca, pilot whales, Hecto r’s/Māui
dolphins)
• the tail fluke (in particular for sperm whales at Kaikoura, humpback whales)
• any unusual lesions or wounds, changes in skin colour that could indicate trauma and
bruising (in particular species of baleen whale found dead near regular shippin g lanes
i.e. Hauraki Gulf, several photos and all angles in these cases)
• the stranding pattern and locality
In the case of a mass stranding photograph the head, jaws, dorsal fin, tail and flanks of a
selection of animals that are representative of the stranded pod. Include photographs of
any unusual lesions or wounds on individuals.
6 . 5 M e a s u r i n g a n i m a l s
Single or small group: The measurements required are itemised on the
WHALE AND
DOLPHIN INCIDENT FORM. Please note: these measurements should be taken in a
straight line not around the curve of the body.
Mass stranding: At a live mass stranding, the priority should be to refloat the whales.
However, if time permits, valuable data and samples can and should be gathered which
may assist our understanding of this phenomenon and the species concerned. All samples
and data collected should be cross referenced to an individual whale number (number on
tail tape). This will allow samples to be tracked easily following the response e ffort itself.
• At a minimum record the total length and sex for each individual in the pod. These can
be recorded on individual Whale and dolphin incident forms, or if there are too many
whales for this, on the Mass stranding measurements form.
• For animals that are dead or euthanised collect additional meas urements as per the
MASS STRANDING MEASUREMENTS FORM.
First officers on site at a mass stranding site should attempt to mark all dead whales so
that any intensive sampling can be directed toward these individuals. Any whales that die
during the rescue attempt must also be marked and the time of death noted. A data
collection officer is included in the CIMS structure to coordinate this; they may wish to
liaise closely with one of the researchers onsite.
6 . 6 G e n e t i c S a m p l i n g
The basic samples to collect in all cases are:
• Genetics: If possible, collect a sloughed skin sample (from live animals), or a skin
sample (dead animals) Note: When collecting samples, ensure that t he sample is
carefully labelled and cross-referenced to the animal from which the sample was
collected.
• Complete a sketch map or aerial photo of the stranding site including position of
whales (dead and alive), location of nearest channel and any other re levant geographic
or marine features. This can be used in the genetic analysis to investigate the
composition of the pod and how they came onshore, e.g. do related animals actually
strand together. This should be done before animals are moved by staff or a dditional
tidal cycles.
For genetic analysis only a small amount of tissue is required. One small piece of skin
and blubber about 2 x 0.5 x 0.5 cm is more than enough. Please label the sample usi ng
the waterproof paper tags provided in the sampling kit. Write in pencil and place the tag
in the vial with the sample (& 70% ethanol). Seal the vial lid with a strip of parafilm.
Note: Take the sample from areas where the skin is still relatively intac t, preferably from
the leading or trailing edge of the tail flukes, flippers or dorsal fin – though do not
damage any areas that have markings from netting, etc. Ensure that the sample is no
thicker than 0.5 cm at any point. If samples are thicker than th is, the ethanol will not
preserve the sample all the way through to the centre, and the sample will rot. Send the
vial by courier to Auckland University (see
Sample Request Register 2011 for more
detailed instructions).
Address:
Rochelle Constantine
Thomas Building
School of Biological Sciences
University of Auckland
3A Symonds Street
Auckland 1010
Cell: 0274574909
6 . 7 A d d i t i o n a l s a m p l i n g
With all live strandings the animal’s welfare is paramount. If the decision has been m ade
to attempt a re-float, all sampling must take second priority. In these circumstances,
sampling should only occur if time and circumstances permit.
You may be asked to collect extra samples for different species, e.g. a rare species may
require more intensive sampling than a common one. Your key contact to de termine
sampling regime is the Marine Species team or you can check the
Sample and Permit
Register.
Care must be taken with all tissue and organ samples to prevent contam ination. Do not
directly handle samples. Use sterile instruments to obtain samples. Preserve all samples
separately according to Table 3.
Table 3: Method of storing samples
Sample
Preferred method
Alternative method
Skin (genetics)
70% Ethanol
Wrap in tinfoil & freeze
Blubber (toxicology)
Wrap in tinfoil & freeze
-
Tooth (ageing)
70% Ethanol
Freeze
Baleen
Saline
-
Blowhole discharge
?
Blood
Freeze
-
Tissue samples such as
10% Formalin
Freeze
spleen, liver, lung,
heart, gonads etc
Stomach contents
70% Ethanol
Freeze
Parasites
Freeze
70% Ethanol
Skeleton
Freeze
-
6 . 8 S a v i n g d o c u m e n t s t o d o c C M
Select all of the files that you want to submit, such as:
Incident/stranding form (either scanned or word version)
Photos
Maps
And put them into a new folder together on your computer/local S drive somewhere.
Note the folder should not exceed 100MB, if it does please make multiple folders or reduce the
size/quality of the images (preferable; see
this website for options on how to do this). For future, you
can reset the settings on the camera to take smaller images.
Name the folder:
Species, observation type, DD-MM-YYYY, location, Eg. Hector’s dolphin, Entanglement incident, 19-
01-2015, Nelson
Or, Māui dolphin, Sighting, 29-02-2015, Hamilton’s Gap
Note: In docCM there is no file structure, therefore naming conventions must be good enough that you
and others can find your file without knowing exactly what it is called. Using the above naming
convention, you should be able to search for ‘Hector’s dolphin incident’ and find all beachcast,
stranded, and entangled Hector’s dolphins. It will be helpful to include the type of incident, as well as
the word ‘incident’ so that there is an ability to search for all incidents, or all entanglements etc.
Right click with the mouse on the folder you created on your computer and hover over the “send to”
option.
The top option should be, “compressed (zipped) folder”.
This will automatically make a copy of the folder that is compressed and can be saved to
docCM.
Open docCM using the icon on your desktop (see image to the right). Click on the Upload
button, click ‘Browse’ twice. Navigate to where your zipped folder is stored and click on it
once. Click ‘open’. Click ‘upload’. Alternatively: after you click Upload and the upload
screen opens, you can drag your folder in here.
Send an email with the docCM link to those within DOC who need to receive
copies of the forms. Someone in the Marine Species team will need to receive
a copy. Your first port of call is Hannah Hendriks (Marine Species Technical
Assistant,
[email address]). An alternative is to send it to
[email address] and it will get distributed appropriately but
potentially not as urgently.
7. Freighting
The Department of Conservation has a contract with Massey University Palmerston North
(contact: Wendi Roe, [email address] , 027 270 8982) to perform post-mortem
examinations on all† Hector's and Māui dolphins.
These carcasses should be transported chilled not frozen as this can damage tissues and
obscure important details about cause of death.
Preference for Hector's/Māui dolphins is that only Code 2 carcasses will be sent to
Massey, Code 3 will be assessed on a case-by-case basis (see Table 1). If unsure on what
condition it is in and if it should be sent for post -mortem, take photos and contact Wendi
Roe directly for advice. Other researchers will advise on what carcass conditions they can
accept and whether they want to receive it fresh or frozen.
Ensure you take plenty of photos before the dolphin is wrapped up as the packing
material can cause superficial markings during transport.
Table 4: Carcass Code 1 – 5 (as listed below)
Code
Type
Characteristics
Code 1.
Live Animal
Breathing
Code 2.
Fresh Carcass
Normal appearance, little scavenger damage, fresh smell,
little drying or wrinkling of the skin, eyes clear, no
bloating, penis & tongue not protruding, blubber firm &
white
Code 3.
Fair
Carcass intact, bloating evident, tongue & penis
protruding, skin cracked & sloughing, eyes dry & sunken,
possible scavenger damage, blubber oily & blood -tinged
Code 4.
Poor
Carcass partially intact, skin sloughing or missing,
blubber soft often with pockets of gas &/or oil, much
scavenger damage, eyes missing, muscle almost liquid &
easily torn, putrid smell, bubbling
Code 5.
Skeletal
Dry skin overlaying bone. All tissue desiccated
† Except if decomposition is so far along that determining cause of death is unlikely. See Carcass
Codes (Table 4) and seek advice.
Note that all researchers will acknowledge receipt of samples and will update preliminary
findings via email as soon as they are able. If a CONTRACT animal, we should receive the
findings within 2 weeks of receipt of specimen. If not a contract animal , the findings will
be dependent upon when the researcher is able to process the samples/specimen. They
will advise as to the likely turnaround time for this on an individual basis .
7 . 1 M e t h o d o f t r a n s p o r t
Your two options for transport are a refrigerated fre ight service, or a flight with Air New
Zealand.
Traditionally we have used Halls Refrigerated to send chilled dolphins to Massey,
however Halls have become concerned with potential for contamination and may not
accept a chilled carcass. If Halls refuse to ship a specimen, you can use Air New Zealand
instead (this is also faster), or another refrigerated freight company. We are investigating
alternative freight companies.
Halls Refrigerated
Log a job online:
https://my.halls.co.nz/
Username:
[email address]
Password: DOCmarinestrandings1
We have an account with Halls specifically for contract species (Hector's/Māui dolphins,
NZ sea lions, and other species for law enforcement purposes on a case by case basis).
The DOC Marine Strandings Account is 'DOCMARIN'. If you are using Halls for any other
reason, please do not use this code. If a researcher or museum requests a carcass or large
sample to be sent to them, either use their own account or ens ure that you indicate
'charge to receiver'.
http://www.halls.co.nz/about/services/refrigerated-containers.aspx
North Island: 09 269 1100 Fax: 09 269 4277
South Island: 03 344 0586 Fax: 03 344 2634
Air New Zealand
https://www.airnewzealand.co.nz/national-cargo-products-and-services
• Find a flight from your location to Palmerston North. Liaise directly with Wendi
regarding timing of arrival of flight. Wendi will pick the dolphin up from the airport.
• Pay for the freight on a p-card.
• Confirm with Wendi what time the flight will arrive in Palmerston North.
• Contact Marine Species team for the code to charge the costs to.
7 . 2 P a c k a g i n g p r o t o c o l
Ensure the following protocol is observed when packing a dolphin or other specimen:
• Bodies should be chilled down if there is any delay between recovery and shipping
(e.g. placed in a bath with bags of ice overnight).
• Double-bag in thick polythene 'body bags' tied with cable ties (dolphin body bags can
be requested from National Office -
[email address] or
[email address])
• Include a paper copy of the
incident form (DOCDM-870555) inside a ziplock bag,
taped to the bagged body - ensure you fill out the disposal section so the researchers
know whether they need to return the body.
• Pack all of this inside a tuna coffin if you have one.
• Label for delivery should include:
Wendi Roe
PM Room 101
IVABS
Massey University
Tennant Drive
Palmerston North 4474
Contact: 0272708982
• Last step once transport is organised is to call or email Wendi and let her know who is
transporting it (e.g. Halls or Air New Zealand), when it left, and when it is due to
arrive (important for flights).
Hygiene
You need to pay particular attention to hygiene when freighting marine mammal
carcasses and samples. Halls carry other products and we must take all care not to
provide potential sources of contamination. Double bagging or use of body bags should
be regarded as a minimum requirement, and the bags sealed using zip ties. There is a
supply of body bags in National Office. Contact the Marine Species team if you need
more.
Labelling
Attention to labelling is important. At the very least include the date, species, what the
specimen is, collector’s name and the location. If possible , include a copy of the
stranding form.
8. Disposal
8 . 1 P r o t e c t i v e C l o t h i n g S u g g e s t i o n s
Disposal of marine mammals can be a messy job. Refer to your health and safety plan and
ensure the proper PPEs are worn and good hygiene is practiced to minimise the risk of
infection. PVC bib leggings and parka is preferable to dispos able overalls. A PVC apron,
gumboots gloves and a hat should all be worn.
Nitrile medical gloves are excellent, but double them. If the carcass is decomposing use a
barrier cream under the gloves. It is also a good idea to use old disposable clothing
under the protective clothing.
8 . 2 O p t i o n s f o r d i s p o s a l
• Leave - In remote locations where there is no risk to public health, and decomposition
of the carcass will not affect residents, burial is unnecessary. Consider contacting the
Ministry of Health to erect signs regarding the collection of shellfish.
• Offal pits - Small carcasses can be disposed easily in offal pits.
• Before Burial commences, ensure that the site has been cleared by an archaeologist ,
and that appropriate consultation has occurred with landown ers and tangata whenua.
• Burial - Before the grave is filled in, the upper most aspect of the whale’s body cavity
should be opened. This promotes decomposition and reduces the chance of gases
distending the carcass and opening the grave. Graves of large w hales should be fenced
off because there may be considerable subsidence as a result of decomposition.
Ensure your District has the proper consents for burial sites through RMA, Coastal
Plans.
• Append any guidance on this for your District to this plan.
• Burning – This is most successful when the carcass is fresh, sufficient fuel must be
available to ensure it burns completely. Burning is not an option where there is any
risk of igniting nearby vegetation, or of the smoke plume adversely affecting local
residents; this technique is to only be considered as a last resort.
• Composting – This has been successfully employed with small carcasses. See
Preparation of Marine Mammal Bone - Composting (DOCDM
-894714) for more
detailed instruction.
• At sea – whales and dolphins can be disposed of at sea; however, consideration must
be made to currents and possibilities of the carcass washing up on another section of
coastline. Example of towing sperm whale to sea:
DOC-6061290, also see following
link for towing three sperm whales a short distance.
• It is possible to anchor carcasses in the coastal zone for decomposition, this has been
conducted successfully with pilot whales on Farewell Spit (see this powerpoint
presentation for images showing the decomposition rate, towing etc:
DOC-6061271).
8 . 3 U s e o f m a c h i n e r y t o m o v e d e a d w h a l e s
Whales are very heavy and difficult to move. The table below gives an idea of sizes to
expect.
Table 5:
Estimated maximum lengths and weights of whales stranded in NZ
Taken from Baker (1987)
Species
Average
Average Weight
Maximum Weight Approximate
Length (m)
(kg)
(kg)
Digger Size
needed‡
Common dolphin
2.1
80
136
1 tonne
Dusky dolphin
1.8
115
140
1 tonne
Bottlenose dolphin
3.5
200
650
2 tonne
Pilot whale
6.0
1500
3800 (M)
10 tonne
1800 (F)
False killer whale
5.0
1200 – 1400 (M)
2200 (M)
5 tonne
900 (F)
1100 (F)
Killer whale
8.0 (M)
5600 (M)
7200
17.5 tonne
7.0 (F)
350 (F)
Pygmy sperm whale
3.0
360
408
2 tonne
Gray’s beaked whale
5.0
1000
1200
5 tonne
Sperm whale
15.0 (M)
40,000 (M)
42,000
100 tonne
11.0 (F)
22,000 (F)
Minke whale
8.0
6000 –7000
9000
22.5 tonne
‡ If using a digger the rule of thumb is that “the size of digger will lift about 40% of it s
own weight” i.e. A 20 tonne digger will handle an 8 tonne load. This will vary with the age
of the machine, the type of bucket, the experience of the operator and the terrain in
which the whale is stranded. On soft sand or shingle, heavy machinery will h ave
considerable difficulty manoeuvring and performance will be ad versely affected.
The most useful machine to deal with a dead whale on the beach is a digger. They can dig
a deep hole, drag, lift, tow, or roll a whale. Wheeled diggers have the advantage of a much
higher ground speed but are unsuitable if the beach is soft. They will go where a 4x4 Ute
will go. Bulldozers are limited to pushing and towing and are not efficient at digging
holes. They could be used with the help of 2 or 3 diggers to move a large whale. Most Port
companies should be able to help with large hawsers and chain. When lifting whales onto
trucks using a digger, ensue there is a forestry cage on the cab to protect the driver in the
event the whale slips.
Burial of sperm whales and larger baleen whales will require a well -planned operation
with a number of machines. It is essential to have one person co -ordinating all the
machines. Note: burial of many or large whales can be expensive. Consider other disposal
options first. Costs associated with responding to large events like this need to be
absorbed by local operating budgets or otherwise can be escalate d to DDG Operations.
8 . 4 C l e a n i n g e q u i p m e n t
All equipment and gear should be cleaned thoroughly after every stranding. The
following method of cleaning gear is recommended:
• Tools - Soak in a bucket of Virkon or Trigene (disinfectant available from local vet)
and scrub clean with a brush and dry with a rag.
• Clothing - Soak in Virkon/Trigene, rinse with freshwater and dry. Then put clothing
in the washing machine with a hot wash (separate from other clothing). Eucalyptus
fabric softener helps reduce the smell and helps protect clothing.
• Vehicles - Use strong thick polythene or tarps to protect trucks or trailer decks when
transporting marine mammals. Use polyethylene tubs for smaller things such as
skulls or small seals or dolphins. Ropes used need to have s and and grit rinsed off to
avoid damage to the rope.
9. Debrief
A debrief should be held within seven days of the completion of any marine mammal
stranding operation. Key personnel connected with the operation should be invited to
attend. In some situations it may be appropriate to open the debrief to all who
participated.
The purpose of a debrief is to build up a full picture of the operation and to examine all
aspects so that lessons learnt can be applied to future incidents. Suggestions for
improvement in procedures and the suitability of equipment and logistics should be
recorded. In some circumstances it may be useful for a staff member not engaged in the
actual operation to chair the debrief.
The debrief is a domestic matter but, if it is in the public interest, a release of all or part
of it may be released by the Conservator.
Table 6: Suggested Debrief Agenda
1. Callout
10. Aircraft – use, exclusion zones etc
2. Initial Information Gathering
11. Command Structure
3. Initial Response
12. Personnel/operational resourcing
4. The Operation
13. Internal communications
5. Stakeholders
14. Other Communications
6. Iwi
15. Sampling
7. Log/Record Keeping
16. Training
8. Equipment
17. Summary and Conclusions
9. Media
You can use the Fire debrief format if you are more familiar with it.
10. Appendices
This Part of the plan documents all locally specific protocols and should include your
Office’s; media plan, iwi protocols, health and safety, map of coastal access points, etc.
Ensure that you provide information on the following:
• Fragile areas or Areas of Significant Conservation Value (ASCV’s), available from your
conservancy planner;
• Areas significant to iwi, e.g Maori burial sites, historic/cultural sites;
• Contact details of any landowners whose permission may need to be sought;
• Designated, or recommended marine mammal burial sites.
This information will be useful in other events that do not relate to marine mammals so
should be readily available.
1 0 . 1 F o r m s
Follow the links below and print copies to append to your Office Plan.
CIMS forms:
docdm-788833
Annual Report Form
: docdm-892618
Initial Response Form:
docdm-870561
Whale and Dolphin Incident Form:
docdm-870555
Seal and Sea lion Form:
docdm-870560
Sighting Form:
docdm-870477
Volunteer check in form:
docdm-1007942
Mass stranding Measurements Form
docdm-1007957
Wildlife submission form for Massey University
1 0 . 2 S p e c i e s I d e n t i f i c a t i o n T o o l s
There are a number of tools available for species ID.
• Whale identification
cards and
posters
• Whales & Dolphins of NZ & Australia – an identification guide, By Dr Alan Baker –
Victoria University Press – 133 pages Published 3rd edition 1999. ISBN 0-86473-338-
0),
BAKER 1999
•
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/t0725e/t0725e00.pdf
• Whales Dolphins and Porpoises, By Mark Carwardine -
Details on Google Books
• IFAW guide:
docdm-1181177
Table 7. Lengths at critical life-history stages of whales and dolphins recorded from New
Zealand. Note: length at weaning expressed as a percentage of maximum length is given
in brackets. Use when considering whether to refloat whales or not.
Common name
Scientific name
Maximu
Length
Length
Length at
Approx
m length at birth
at
sexual
Adult
(m)
(m)
weaning maturity
Weight
(m)
(m)
BALEEN WHALES
Blue whale
Balaenoptera
31
7
12.8
22.6 male
160 tonnes
musculus
(41%)
24.0 female
Bryde’s whale
Balaenoptera edeni
15.6
3.95 -
7.1 (51%)
11.6-12.4 m
20-25
4.15
12-12.8 f
tonnes
Fin whale
Balaenoptera
24
6.4
11.5
19.0 male
75 tonnes
physalus
(48%)
20.0 female
Humpback whale
Megaptera
16
4.3
7.5-9
11.5 m
35 tonnes
novaeangliae
(47-56%) 12 m
Minke whale
Balaenoptera
10.7
2.8
?
7.2 m
14 tonnes
(dark shouldered)
bonaerensis
8 f
Minke whale
Balaenoptera
9.2
2.2-2.6
4.5 (49%) 6.9 m
<14 tonnes
(dwarf)
acutorostrata
7.3-7.45 f
Pygmy right whale
Caperea marginata
6.4
2
3.5 (55%) ?
3200 kg
Sei whale
Balaenoptera
18
4.5
8 (44%)
16.6-17
30 tonnes
borealis
Southern right
Eubalaena australis 18
4.5-6
?
12.5-13.5 f
100 tonnes
whale
TOOTHED
WHALES
Andrew’s beaked
Mesoplodon
4.7
2.2
?
4.2 f
?
whale
bowdoini
Arnoux’s beaked
Berardius arnouxi
9.7
(4)
?
?
?
whale
Bottlenose dolphin
Tursiops truncatus
4
1-1.3
?
?
650 kg
Common dolphin
Delphinus delphis
2.6
0.8-0.85
?
1.7-2 m
140 kg
1.6-1.9 f
Common name
Scientific name
Maximu
Length
Length
Length at
Approx
m length at birth
at
sexual
Adult
(m)
(m)
weaning maturity
Weight
(m)
(m)
Cuvier’s beaked
Ziphius cavirostris
7
2.7
?
5.5 m
3 tonnes
whale
5.1 f
Dense-beaked whale
Mesoplodon
4.9
1.9-2
?
?
?
densirostris
Dusky dolphin
Lagenorhynchus
2
0.7
?
1.7 f
40-80 kg
obscurus
False killer whale
Pseudorca
5.5
1.8
?
3.96-4.57 m
2 tonnes
crassidens
3.66-4.27 f
Ginkgo-toothed
Mesoplodon
4.9
2-2.5
?
?
?
Whale
ginkgodens
Gray’s beaked whale
Mesoplodon grayi
5.64
2.4
?
5.1f
1 tonne
Hector’s beaked
Mesoplodon hectori
4.5
2.1
?
3.9 m
?
whale
Hector’s dolphin
Cephalorhynchus
1.6
0.6-0.7
?
1.2-1.3 m
60 kg
hectori
1.35 f
Killer whale
Orcinus orca
9
2-2.5
?
5.8 m
10 tonnes m
4.6-4.9 f
7.5 tonnes f
Long finned pilot
Globicephala melas
6.5
1.75-1.8
?
5 m
2 tonnes
whale
3.8 f
Pantropical spotted
Stenella attenuata
2.5
0.86-
?
1.94 m
120 kg
dolphin
0.89
1.82 f
Pygmy beaked
Mesoplodon
3.7
1.6
?
?
?
whale
peruvianus
Pygmy sperm whale
Kogia breviceps
3.3 m
1.2
2 (61%)
2.7-3
400 kg
Dwarf sperm whale
Kogia simus
2.7 f
?
?
210 kg
Risso’s dolphin
Grampus griseus
3.85
1.2-1.5
?
2.6-2.8
4-500 kg
Shepherd’s beaked
Tasmacetus
7
(3)
?
?
?
whale
shepherdi
Short finned pilot
Globicephala
5.9
1.4
?
4.2 m
3.6 tonnes
whale
macrorhynchus
3.16 f
Common name
Scientific name
Maximu
Length
Length
Length at
Approx
m length at birth
at
sexual
Adult
(m)
(m)
weaning maturity
Weight
(m)
(m)
Southern bottlenose
Hyperoodon
9
2.9
?
5.7 f
?
whale
planifrons
Southern right
Lissodelphis peronii 3
?
?
?
120 kg
whale dolphin
Spectacled porpoise
Australophocaena
2.2
?
?
2 m
?
dioptrica
1.86 f
Sperm whale
Physeter
18 m
4
11-12 m
57 tonnes
macrocephalus
12 f
8.3-9.2 f
Strap-toothed whale
Mesoplodon layardi
6.2
3
?
?
?
Striped dolphin
Stenella
2.6
1
?
2.19 m
160 kg
coeruleoalba
2.16 f
1 0 . 3 C o n t a c t s l i s t s
There are a number of people within the Department of Conservation and externally, who
need to be contacted in the event of a marine mammal incident. Use the following Excel
based spreadsheets to develop your four key contact lists, print them off and append
them here. The four lists are:
National Expertise within DOC
(DOC National Contacts Spreadsheet [docdm-1186392] - print "DOC Expertise" and
attach to your plan here). This will be updated as needed so make sure to check this and
append an updated version when updating local plans.
National External Parties
External contacts list for stranding protocols [DOCDM-824399]. There are two tabs on
this file. The National one will be updated as needed, print and append to your local plan.
The other tab is a template to help you build your local area contacts. This may be
adapted to your purposes as needed.
Local DOC Staff
Staff Capability and Training Register [DOCDM-831790]- find the tab for your region,
ensure it is up to date, print, an append to your plan. Note: we encourage the use of Risk
Manager for training and competency logs. This spreadsheet is designed to be printed
when plans are updated to show at a glance who can be called upon for certain skills. You
can use the template builder in the last tab of the spreadsheet to build a shorter version
with contact details included.
The people that you need to contact in the event of any stranding (see contacts
lists in Toolbox):
• Iwi, and local managers, local community as per your community engagement
protocols.
• Notify the Marine Species team and submit forms
For particular species or scenarios also contact:
• Hector's or Māui dolphin: Wendi Roe, Stuart Hunter (Massey University)
• Live Orca: Ingrid Visser (Orca Research Trust; 0800 733 6722)
• Possible fishing related incident: Kris Ramm ( Marine Species, CSP)
• Common/dusky/rare dolphins: Karen Stockin (Massey University)
• DNA sampling: Rochelle Constantine (Auckland University)
1 0 . 4 E q u i p m e n t l i s t s
Stranding equipment should be thoroughly cleaned and checked after each use to ensure
it is in good working order for the next event. Any item that needs repair or replacing
should be fixed as soon as possible after the event.
Regular gear checks should be organised and can be done in conjunction wit h gear
maintenance for fire, training sessions, or on a rostered schedul e of every 2-3 months. All
staff should know the location of the stranding equipment and be familiar with its use.
Below is a general list of the basic equipment required for attending a marine mammal
incident. This can be organised into Initial Response K its, and Full Kits. The following
are examples of the type of gear you should have. Your office's gear list might differ
slightly, please insert YOUR equipment list in this section and note the location it is
stored.
Additional lists follow that detail gear that is required or may be useful for specific
scenarios. Images are included for some of the specialist equipment in the following
sections.
Recommended 'Initial response' equipment for all incidents
• A copy of your Office's "Operational Procedures for attending marine mammal
incidents" including;
6. Identification Guides (eg, Baker 1999, FAO guide, DOC ID Guide)
7. Printed copies of relevant forms;
8. Note book, water proof paper, pens, pencils
9. Tide tables / maps etc.
• PPEs, eg;
10. Overalls, disposable overalls or PVC leggings and coat,
11. gloves (rubber, latex, leather),
12. waterproof gear,
13. boots/gumboots,
14. earplugs
15. Torch and batteries;
• Portable radio and/or mobile phone (and drybags);
• First Aid kit (you should consider);
16. Betadine gel
17. Vicks VapoRub (you can stick some under your nose for decomposed specimens)
18. Barrier cream
19. Antibacterial soap
20. Face masks / respirator / safety glasses
21. Disinfectant for clean up, eg Virkon;
• Sampling tools;
22. Tape measure;
23. Camera, photo scales and labels;
24. Tinfoil,
25. Ziploc bags,
26. Vials with 70% ethanol, labels and pencils (contact Rochelle Constantine for
DNA sampling kit),
27. Tape measure (20m),
28. Tag pen/ Spirit pen / Vivid
29. Pliers, scissors, knife, scalpel etc;
• For stabilising live animals
30. Buckets,
31. Sheets,
32. Restricted Area Tape,
33. Rope/ String,
• Moving or clean up
34. Shovels,
35. Large body bags;
The initial response kit should have all the basics you need for any event. For a mass
stranding it will be enough to get the first on site started, while a second team pulls
together additional equipment. This may be from a secondary kit with additional buckets,
sheets, slings, shovels, body bags etc., or through sourcing more equipment from local
contacts.
Additional specialist equipment
Seal / Sea lion
• heavy leather or canvas gloves, facial mask;
• nets, e.g., hoop net with open cone at end (see
images for options);
• sacks (old seed/grain sacks cleaned). Cut one corner cut out and duct tape edges to
stop fraying. Small seals can be easily restrained in these, their flippers are held down
at their sides and they can get their noses through the hole for fresh air;
• plywood full-length shields for driving seals;
• scissors, knife, or pole with curved blade on t he end (blunted tip, sharp inner curve)
for cutting debris off entangled seal;
• noose pole / dog-catcher’s pole (*optional - enables catching smaller animals from
deep rock crevices or to catch from dense groups of animals from a distance);
• pole with loop fastened at the centre (*optional - allows two people to control a large
animal when noose is wound up on pole);
Entanglement/cetacean
Note that not every Office needs to have this equipment list. A set is held by the
disentanglement team in Kaikoura, and two sets are being established for access on the
North Island. This list is to familiarise staff with the procedure should you need to assis t
in a whale disentanglement.
Delete the sentence that does not apply for your Office:
[The XXXXX Office holds a whale disentanglement kit and it is located XXXXXXX.]
OR
[The XXXXX Office does NOT hold a whale disentanglement kit. In the event of an
entangled whale contact Mike Morrissey. Do not attempt release.]
• 3 x grapple with trace;
• 3 x 10 m grapple throwing line;
• 1 x 10 m main line;
• 2 x 30 m main line;
• 2 x 30 m silver rope, Floating line;
• 3 x personal safety knives;
• 3 x end of line floats;
• 6 x large buoys (A4, A5, A6 type floats);
• 2 x extendable pole sections with rope cutting blade attachment;
• 2 x additional cutting tools, with extendable pole attachment (capable of cutting light ,
medium and heavy line);
• 1 x carabiner clip (non-locking) and pole adaptor;
• 1 x 20 cu/ft pony bottle with regulator (*optional);
• 1 x mask/snorkel (for over bow assessment);
• 1 x dive slate and pencils;
• 1 x buoy (float) inflation device;
• 1 x helmet camera (on loan M. Morrissey);
• 1 x pole camera;
Staff on the point boat require full wetsuit, buoyancy vest, gloves, diving boots and
helmet.
Live Stranding (single and mass)
For an example of what you might have in a trailer for mass strandings see:
Example Stranding trailer and kit bag contents: Golden Bay
olddm-613074
Example Stranding trailer and kit bag contents: Hauraki Area
docdm-1104145
Note that the number of each item will depend on what is needed in your area, therefore
treat numbers in this list as an example. Food and drinking water;
• Sunscreen, towels, appropriate PPE including wetsuits;
• Binoculars;
• High vis vests (coded - DOC), and a set of CIMS coded vests for CIMS roles;
• Powerful torch and batteries;
• Cyalume sticks;
• Biodegradable tape, coloured cotton, marking tape etc for marking whales (3 colours
for triage);
• "Do not cross" barrier tape;
• Rope for tying carcasses (cattle tags and tag pen for ID);
• Old sheets (a lot, contact hotels for more sheets);
• Buckets x 20;
• Slings x 6;
• Dolphin stretcher;
• Stranding pontoon (optional);
• Lifting frame (optional)
• Spare tape measures;
• Wajax pumps, hoses, intake sieve, branches and dams;
• 4WD/ ATV;
• Appropriate calibre rifle, ammunition and ear-muffs;
• Hook slasher - sharpened on the outer edge to open animals prior t o burial
• Mega-phone
• Dive cylinders
The Department is looking for ways of improving our techniques as well as monitoring
the successfulness of refloating attempts. Specialist gear will be required for these
initiatives. You are not required to have these items; however, these are things we would
like to investigate, so are optional. If you would be interested in trialling this equipment
in your area please contact the Marine Conservation Team to discuss.
• T-bar/Floy tags and tag applicator for marking whales to be refloated;
www.hallprint.com
• Specialised trailers for relocating whales;
• Satellite tags.
1 0 . 5 M a r i n e m a m m a l s t r a n d i n g m e d i a
i n f o r m a t i o n
See
DOC-2598638 for national media messaging